The following table shows the important physical properties of some pure metals. The mechanical properties of metals are almost always given in mpa or ksi. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials used to make steel. These materials are converted in a blast furnace into a product known as pig iron, which contains considerable amounts of carbon above 1. A pure metal is an element eg iron, copper, gold unalloyed not mixed with another substance. How do properties vary throughout a piece of material that has been quenched, for example. Extensometer attached to metal specimen for testing mechanical properties of metal. Properties of metals metals, shiny solids, are room temperature except mercury, which is a shiny liquid element, with characteristic high melting points and densities.
A free online materials information resource with properties data on over 28,000 materials. Mechanical properties of metals western university. How can properties be modified by post heat treatment. The study of metals and alloys still forms a large and important part of this relatively new discipline, but its common to find that fundamental principles and concepts of physical metallurgy can be adapted to explain the behavior of a variety of nonmetallic materials. Both ferrous and nonferrous metals are divided into pure metals and alloys. Of all the different metals and materials that steelworkers use, steel and steel alloys are. Free electron theory of metals metals are good conductors both electrical and thermal electronic heat capacity has an additional temperature dependent contribution from the electrons. Chapter outline mechanical properties of metals how do. Introduction to materials science, chapter 6, mechanical properties of metals university of tennessee, dept. Beginning from basic atomic and molecular bonding, students will learn how electronic structure impacts chemical properties. These mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep and hardness. For example, metallic materials tend to be good electrical conductors because the free electrons can move around within the metal so freely.
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements eg, iron and carbon to make another metal with particular properties eg steel. These elements were classified by lavoisier in to metals and non metals by studying their properties. Properties of some metals and alloys copper and copper alloys white metals and alloys. The metals have a shiny appearance, they show a metallic luster. How are metal alloys classified and how are they used. Metals can be distinguished from non metals on the basis of their physical and chemical properties. Chapter 1 introduction to types and identification of metal.
The metals and nonmetals differ in their properties. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Often materials are subject to forces loads when they are used. The existence of these free electrons has a number of profound consequences for the properties of metallic materials. The characteristic feature of metals like copper and aluminium is a high electrical and thermal conductivity, while nonmetals such as phosphorus metal. Therefore a hookean material is linear elastic, and materials engineers use these descriptors interchangeably. Samples are intentionally machined with smaller diameter in the middle to ensure necking and eventual failure at the center. Dynamics and statics we all have some intuitive idea about the mechanics of the world around us, an idea built up largely from our own experience. Recall that lustre and hardness are physical properties. Free materials chemistry books download ebooks online. Uniaxial tensile response of selected metals and polymers 15 iii. Database includes comprehensive coverage of thermoplastic and.
Pdf materials science books collections free download. Training material, metal imperfections, metal defects, properties of metals, thermal stress, thermal shock, brittle fracture, heatup, cooldown, characteristics of metals. Introduction to materials science chapter 6, mechanical properties 18 typical mechanical properties of metals the yield strength and tensile strength vary with prior thermal and mechanical treatment, impurity levels, etc. It is the most fundamental activity in any civilization. Material property charts youngs modulus versus density 16 strength versus density 17 youngs modulus versus strength 18 fracture toughness versus strength 19 maximum service temperature 20 material price. Introduction to materials science chapter 6, mechanical properties 22 hardness i hardness is a measure of the materials resistance to localized plastic deformation e. In contrast, materials like coal and sulphur are soft. Such a material iselastic accordingtothedescription ofelasticity given earlier immediate response,fullrecovery, andit is also linear in its relation between stress and strain or equivalently, force and deformation.
Materials can be divided into metals and nonmetals. True stress, engineering stress, engineering strain, true strain, mechanical properties of metals. A material is elastic or it is not, one material cannot be more elastic than another, and a material. Chapter 6 mechanical properties university of tennessee. Mechanical properties of metals mechanical properties refers to the behavior of material when external forces are applied stress and strain. Manufacturing properties of engineering materials lecture notes prof.
You dont have to be a chemist to recognize that metals and non metals are different, however, to understand why they are so different we need to look at the structure of metals in more detail. Ninetyeight percent of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. Chapter 644 energy to break a unit volume of material. Ferrous metals composition, properties and uses of some. For detail on each mechanical properties of metals concept continue reading below. Materials scientists learn about these mechanical properties by testing materials.
The committee recognized the need for consistency and equivalency when integrating materials properties. Introduction to types and identification of metal topics 1. Material properties database find materials online. Properties, identification, and heat treatment of metals general purpose this chapter contains basic information pertaining to properties and identification of metal and heattreating procedures used for metals. Mechanical engineers calculate those forces and material scientists how materials deform elongate, compress, twist or break as a function of applied load, time, temperature, and other conditions. For more specific information on metal and heattreating techniques, refer to tm 430106. This note will introduce students to the fundamental chemical principles underlying materials structure, properties, synthesis, and applications. The examples of metals are iron, copper, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, etc. See and compare different properties of materials, including things like chemical composition and mechanical properties including density, tensile strength, hardness and much more. What are some of the common fabrication techniques.
The properties of materials and their everyday uses. Iron is produced by converting iron ore to pig iron using a blast furnace. Many of the properties of metals, including a large atomic radius, low ionization energy, and low electronegativity, are because the electrons in the valence shell of metal. This variability is related to the behavior of dislocations in the material, chapter 7. Introduction to materials science chapter 19, thermal properties 6 heat capacity of metals electronic contribution in addition to atomic vibrations phonons, thermal excitation of electrons can. Iii, mechanical behavior, john wiley and sons, inc. Discover a comprehensive database of thousands of metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials. The text first exposes the reader to the structureproperty correlation of materials.